First, I probably should have offered a motivating example, so here is the most obvious one: Apple recently got a lot of front-page bad press about the working conditions in some of their subcontractors' manufacturing facilities. This mattered because it was Apple. The largest of the subcontractors is a gigantic Chinese electronics assembly company that does similar work for a lot of Apple's competitors. Do you remember which ones? Me neither. But Apple got grief because part of what they sell when they collect a premium price for their products is a feeling of membership in their club, and people care about the social responsibility of the club they are a part of to an extent that does not extend products without premium brands.
Consider: When the Asus/Google tablet is off of backorder and I am finally able to get one -- a reward for resisting the iPad all this time even though I have pretty much all the rest of the Apple Club membership items -- that device will quite likely have been manufactured under worse conditions than my Apple products were. But I will not think much about that, and the story will likely not be featured on the front page of the New York Times. I will just be buying an item, not a sense of identity that leads me to care about the brand and how those associated with the brand behave (no more than I care based on general concern about humanity, that is).
Second, a related point that I chose not to cover at the same time to avoid confusion. From Snowdon:
The premium brands are about to lose much of their appeal and so people are going to turn to cheaper cigarettes. Pushing people onto cheaper cigarettes is not generally considered to be best practice in public health. But fear not, because [anti-tobacco industry leader and all-around muddled thinker, Simon] Chapman has the solution...He is right (Snowdon, not Chapman, obviously) about the general effect of making cigarettes cheaper, and the point that he goes on to make that Chapman's "solution" will just drive more people to the black market. A bit more economic science about these points can help clarify what would happen and why:But the Australian government can simply raise tobacco tax overnight as often as it needs to effectively maintain a floor price for cigarettes that will deter smokers from buying more than they could have afforded previously.The man's a genius! Make cigarettes more expensive and fewer people will buy them. Why has no one thought of this before?!
The existing segmentation of the market creates a bunch of sub-markets that are for slightly different products (they are all cigarettes, but of different perceived quality) but whose prices still affect each other. For example, if the price of the really cheap cigarettes were to plunge, it would exert downward price pressure on the premium brands also because people would still be willing to pay more for them, but not that much more. (You may be thinking, "aha, that is why the makers of the premium brands work so hard to fight the black market." Exactly so.) Similarly, if you drive down the price of the premium market because it does not seem so premium anymore, it will tend to push down the prices of all the other sub-markets because if the better brands get cheaper, they will take sales away from the cheaper brands unless they get cheaper too.
The result is that everything gets cheaper. This was the conclusion of an independent consultant report produced for BAT about the Australia situation. They mostly phrased it in terms of "if there is less competition based on image then there will be more competition based on price." This is basically saying the same thing, but I find it useful to consider the slightly deeper economic analysis of what is going on.
The responses to that report from the ANTZ were (a) "those evil cigarette companies are threatening to start dumping cheap product in our market if we do this!" and (b) what Snowdon quoted above. Point (a) reflects basic illiteracy (no one was saying anything of the kind, as anyone who could read could see), as well as economic innumeracy: Anyone who understands basic economics knows that producers cannot just pick the price they want to sell something for. They want to charge as much as possible. More precisely, they want to profit as much as possible, selling at a high price that has lots of profit, but not so high that they lose profit by driving customers away. A monopolist would shoot for the sweet spot that such that any additional profit from raising the price would be lost because of losing too many customers. But market competition pushes the price down from what the monopolist would charge (which is why competition is good for consumers). The analyses of what will happen (either my brief analysis here which I am giving away free, or the one from the consultants that probably cost six figures) identify how the ability to charge more will be eroded and the competition will drive the price down.
The raising taxes idea is equally innumerate: Taxes on cigarettes in most places are already about as high as they can be without tipping a large portion of consumers who buy at the cheap end of the legal market into the black market instead. In some places (e.g., Canada, New York City) the taxes are even higher than that level, and so the black market is really thriving. In most places there is little room to raise taxes any more. This is presumably what Snowdon was pointing out with his response to Chapman.
But it gets worse (for the likes of Chapman): Recall that I said that due to competition, companies cannot just set the price at the level where they would make the most profit. They are not allowed to collude to avoid the effects of that competition. But the government can do what companies are prevented from doing by antitrust laws: They can raise the price to the monopoly price and keep the premium for themselves -- and that is basically what they do. To a large extent, this is because branded cigarettes offer a lot of room for monopoly profits before consumers will exist the market in favor of perceived-inferior substitutes (the black market, but also roll-your-own, grow-your-own, and anything else that avoids some or all of the taxes in a particular jurisdiction).
In most jurisdictions that have sufficient government to enforce tax collection, government makes a lot more from the sale of cigarettes than do the manufacturers or the retailers. Indeed, in places like Australia and Britain, the taxes are intentionally pushed to about the maximum the market will bear -- before too many people exit to substitute sources of smokes -- to maximize revenue and to a lesser extent to discourage smoking. Raise the taxes any more, and revenue would drop, but also many smokers would switch to an alternative that is a lot cheaper, thereby losing the anti-smoking effects of the higher prices.
The segment of the legal market that competes most closely with black market is at the lowest end, where brands are not worth much. That is where the marginal customers are right on the cusp of switching to the black market, and where most of the switching would occur if taxes were increased. The premium brands are much less vulnerable to this competition because they offer something more than the commodity.
So with that in mind, the story is: Those who are motivated by their hatred of cigarette companies want to drive the price of the premium brands down and ideally make the whole legal market look like the current market for the cheapest brands. It is that cheap end of the market that is the constraint on current tax rates, to keep from driving those consumers to the black market. Since under the de-branding plan the entire market will look like that end of the market, there will be even more switching to the black market at any given tax rate. Anywhere the taxes are already at the estimated sweet spot (driving many, but not too many, consumers to the black market) where raising them any more would tip too many people into the black market, the optimal response to the situation is to decrease taxes. If the taxes are already on the verge of tipping too many people into the black market (etc.), thereby losing revenue and the anti-smoking incentive effect, then eliminating brand premiums will make the current taxes higher than the optimum, requiring a decrease to get back to the optimum.
And so the plan is to raise the taxes for the legal market even more.
Really? Did I miss something there?
I am pretty sure not. But someone sure did. I assign the blame in equal parts to poor basic education about economics and the even poorer education in graduate-level public health, sociology, and related fields, where science is treated as decoration to dress up ideological conclusions.
[Update: More on this here.]
